What is dyslexia?

Dyslexia is a neurobiological, language-based learning disability. It is not caused by vision problems or lack of intelligence. In fact, many individuals with dyslexia are highly intelligent and creative. Dyslexia affects the brain's ability to process the sound structure of language, which makes it difficult to read, spell, and write—even with normal vision and instruction.

Dyslexia is quite common, affecting up to 1 in 5 individuals. It exists on a spectrum, meaning symptoms can range from mild to severe, and can look different from person to person. With the right support and teaching methods, people with dyslexia can learn to read and write successfully.

How can you identify a child with dyslexia?

Dyslexia can be identified by looking for unexpected reading and spelling difficulties in a child who otherwise has normal intelligence, typical instruction, and access to learning. These difficulties often show up as trouble sounding out words, reading fluently, spelling accurately, or understanding what they read. A child who avoids reading or who gets easily frustrated during literacy tasks may also be showing signs of dyslexia.

In preschool and early elementary years, early signs may include delayed speech, trouble learning letter names and sounds, difficulty rhyming, confusing similar-sounding words, and having trouble remembering or pronouncing words. These early red flags can signal that a child might benefit from further evaluation.

How is dyslexia diagnosed? At what age can a child be tested?
Dyslexia is diagnosed through a comprehensive evaluation that looks at reading, language, memory, and processing skills. Children can be tested for dyslexia as early as kindergarten or first grade—especially if they are showing signs of difficulty. Early identification is key to getting the right support and improving outcomes.

What should I do if I suspect my child is dyslexic?
If you're concerned about your child's reading or writing, talk to their teacher and request an evaluation. You can also seek help from a specialist or center that understands dyslexia. Early action is essential, as untreated dyslexia can lead to academic struggles and emotional stress over time.

How can schools support students with dyslexia?

Schools play a key role in helping students with dyslexia thrive. Support should include early identification, appropriate interventions, and ongoing monitoring of progress. A supportive school environment recognizes dyslexia as a learning difference—not a limitation—and provides the tools and understanding students need to succeed.

Do classroom accommodations help students with dyslexia?
Yes, classroom accommodations can make a big difference. These might include extra time on tests, access to audiobooks, oral testing, reduced homework load, or copies of class notes. Accommodations don’t change what students learn, but they help remove barriers so they can show what they know.

Do students with dyslexia need special education services?
Many students with dyslexia qualify for special education services under specific learning disability categories. This gives them access to individualized instruction and supports through an IEP (Individualized Education Program) or 504 Plan. The goal is to meet their unique learning needs while supporting their strengths.

How can I work with my child’s teacher or school to get support?
Start by sharing your concerns with your child’s teacher or school team. Ask about assessments and available support services. Be open, collaborative, and persistent—advocating for your child is key. Don’t hesitate to request meetings, evaluations, or specific accommodations. When parents and schools work together, students are more likely to succeed.

Will my child always struggle in school because of dyslexia?
Dyslexia is a lifelong difference in how the brain processes language, but it does not mean your child will always struggle. With early intervention, evidence-based instruction, and the right supports in place, children with dyslexia can make strong academic progress and go on to succeed in school and in life. With the right tools, children with dyslexia can become confident learners and successful adults. Many well-known inventors, entrepreneurs, scientists, and artists have dyslexia. Success comes not from avoiding struggle, but from learning how to work with it—and your child can do just that.

What kinds of interventions are effective for dyslexia?

The most effective instruction is explicit, systematic, and multisensory—such as Orton-Gillingham-based programs. These approaches break reading and spelling down into smaller steps and actively engage students through visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learning. This kind of instruction is structured and repetitive, helping students build strong reading foundations.

What should I look for in a private tutor or reading specialist?
Look for someone trained in structured, evidence-based programs designed for students with dyslexia—like Orton-Gillingham, Wilson, or Lindamood-Bell. A good tutor will use a multisensory, explicit, and systematic approach to teaching reading and spelling. Ask about their training, experience, and how they measure progress.

How can I help my child at home?

Children with dyslexia often work twice as hard just to keep up, which can take a toll on their confidence. Remind your child often that they are smart, capable, and not alone. Create a supportive home environment where effort is celebrated, not just outcomes. Show empathy, listen to their frustrations, and reassure them that struggling with reading doesn't define who they are.

How can I help build my child’s self-esteem?
Self-esteem grows when children feel successful and understood. Focus on your child’s strengths—whether it's art, problem-solving, storytelling, sports, or being kind to others. Encourage activities they enjoy and feel good at. Praise their effort and resilience, not just their achievements, and surround them with adults who believe in them.

How do I explain dyslexia to my child (or their classmates)?
Keep it simple, honest, and encouraging. You might say, “Dyslexia means your brain works a little differently when it comes to reading and spelling—but you’re just as smart as anyone else. You just need to learn in a way that works for you.” For classmates: “Everyone learns differently. Some people need glasses to see; some need different ways to learn to read. That’s totally okay.”

How do I advocate for my child’s needs at school?
Start by building a strong partnership with your child’s teacher. Keep a record of your concerns, request evaluations in writing, and attend school meetings prepared. Don’t be afraid to ask questions or request specific accommodations or services. Knowledge is power—learn about your child’s rights, and don’t stop advocating until they get the support they need.